A large prospective study utilizing data from the UK Biobank investigated the relationship between caffeine, coffee, and tea consumption and the onset of cardiometabolic diseases (CM) in 360,406 participants. The study revealed nonlinear inverse associations, indicating that moderate coffee consumption (three cups per day) and caffeine intake (200-300 mg daily) significantly lowered the risk of developing CM compared to nonconsumers or those consuming less than 100 mg of caffeine daily, with hazard ratios of 0.519 and 0.593, respectively. Additionally, advanced multistate models demonstrated that moderate caffeine intake is associated with reduced risks throughout various stages of CM development, highlighting its potential protective effects against transitioning from a disease-free state to the onset of CM.
In Conclusion: Habitual coffee or caffeine intake, especially at a moderate level, was associated with a lower risk of new-onset CM and could play important roles in almost all transition phases of CM development. Future studies are warranted to validate the implicated metabolic biomarkers underlying the relation between coffee, tea, and caffeine intake and CM.
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