Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT), also known as mitochondrial donation, is a cutting-edge reproductive technology aimed at preventing the transmission of certain mitochondrial diseases from parent to child. Mitochondria are essential components of cells responsible for generating energy, and when they malfunction, it can lead to severe health issues.
MRT involves the transfer of healthy mitochondria from a donor to an individual or couple who carries mitochondrial DNA mutations or abnormalities. This technique offers hope to families affected by mitochondrial diseases, as it allows them to have healthy children while minimizing the risk of passing on these genetic conditions.
There are two primary techniques used in mitochondrial replacement therapy:
a. Pronuclear Transfer: This method involves transferring the nuclear DNA from the intended parents' embryo into a donor embryo that has had its nuclear DNA removed. The resulting embryo contains the intended parents' nuclear DNA and healthy mitochondria from the donor.
b. Maternal Spindle Transfer: In this technique, the nucleus is removed from the intended mother's egg before it is fertilized. The nucleus is then transferred into a donor egg that has had its nucleus removed. This reconstructed egg, with the intended mother's nuclear DNA and healthy mitochondria from the donor, is fertilized with sperm.
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